The influence of Derrick T. Vail Sr, MD, and Edward M. Jackson, MD, on the creation of the American Board of Ophthalmology and the Specialist Board System in the United States.

The claim that Derrick T. Vail Sr, MD, was the innovator behind the formation of the American Board of Ophthalmology rests on an interpretation of a single paragraph in a speech he delivered in 1908. Using the technique of historical literary criticism, we identified fundamental flaws in this interpretation based on a misunderstanding of the context of the speech and his intent. Historical review of the period, including the writings and actions of others in leadership roles, supports our contention. Vail was an influential figure at the time but was only briefly involved in the activities that led to the formation of the American Board of Ophthalmology. On the other hand, Edward M. Jackson, MD, provided inspirational and persistent leadership during the 12 years needed to bring the board into existence. He should be considered the founder of the American Board of Ophthalmology.